It is now known that small (18-22 nucleotide long) protein non-coding RNA molecules called as "microRNAs" regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. These microRNAs have also been identified in the peripheral circulation, and several studies now demonstrate their role as a biomarker of disease progression. I will introduce these small RNA molecules, discuss the methodologies to test these in small to large clinical study/trial cohorts, and demonstrate how these could enhance the prediction of future diabetes. Overall, this presentation will help understand this new class of molecular biomarkers for predicting diabetes progression.